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Third party rights—the common law doctrine of privity of contract

Third party rights—the common law doctrine of privity of contractThis Practice Note discusses the common law doctrine of privity of contract; the equitable and statutory exceptions to it; how the doctrine affects enforcing a contract against a third party and what happens when, notwithstanding the

VAT definition

Guarantee payments

Guarantee paymentsThis Practice Note explains the right to a guarantee payment, which provides limited pay protection for certain employees who are laid off or put on short-time working.In practice the question whether a guarantee payment is due will usually arise in the case of hourly paid or piece

Indirect effect of EU law

Indirect effect of EU lawWhat is indirect effect of EU law?The doctrine of indirect effect, or consistent interpretation, is a duty that national courts have, as part of the Member State responsible for fulfilment of EU obligations, to interpret national law in light of EU law, especially with