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Common law is case law (decisions from courts and tribunals). Case law has also established and developed many principles of law and equity not covered by legislation. Case law is therefore a key source of primary law.
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Governing law and jurisdiction clauses in commercial contracts―checklist This Checklist of resources sets out some of the issues when considering governing law and jurisdiction in the context of commercial contracts. Governing law and jurisdiction clauses are categorised as boilerplate clauses in an agreement. For more information on boilerplate clauses, see: Boilerplate clauses—overview. For details about the role of boilerplate clauses and approaches to reviewing and drafting common boilerplate clauses, see Practice Note: The role of boilerplate. A governing law clause (also known as an applicable law clause) is used to allow the parties to specify the substantive law that will apply to the interpretation of an agreement and, in the event of a dispute, in relation to it. For an example of a governing law clause, see Precedent: Governing law clause. The applicable law clause in a contract will usually be set out alongside a jurisdiction clause. It is important to note that jurisdiction and governing law are separate issues. A jurisdiction clause is necessary to allow the parties to...
Issues with franchising in an overseas territory—checklist This Checklist sets out the issues for a franchisor to consider when preparing to operate the franchise in an overseas territory. The advance of technology has helped facilitate the rise of a global economy. This has led to the creation of opportunities for companies to trade outside of their domestic markets and exploit developing territories. However, a number of issues arise when a franchisor is preparing to operate in an overseas territory some of which are detailed below. PESTLE analysis A franchisor may wish to carry out a political, economic, environmental, sociological, technological, legal and environmental factors (PESTLE) analysis in relation to a new territory. The information obtained from the analysis can be used as a guide to strategic decision making when considering international franchising. Below is a list of legal and non-legal issues that might arise with international franchising. Political • There may be increased political or legislative risks that should be taken into consideration by businesses before they commence operations in...
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Industrial action that has statutory immunity—flowchart FORTHCOMING CHANGE: The legal framework for giving protected status to industrial action and picketing is to be amended under clauses 54 to 61 of the Employment Rights Bill, introduced on 10 October 2024 (see Practice Note: The right to take industrial action—Employment Rights Bill). Clause 118 of the Bill confirms that many of the proposed changes will come into force two months after the Employment Rights Act 2025 is passed. The Strikes (Minimum Service Levels) Act 2023 will be repealed on the day on which the Act is passed. For further information on the Employment Rights Bill, generally, see Employment News Analysis: The Employment Rights Bill, and Employment Rights Bill 2024-views from the sector, LNB News 10/10/2024 85. To track the progress of the Bill through Parliament, see Practice Note: Employment Rights Bill—tracker. The government also launched a public consultation on creating a modern framework for industrial relations. The consultation seeks views on several specific...
Determining jurisdiction in employment disputes (1 January 2021 onwards)—flowchart This Flowchart provides an overview of the questions to be asked when determining international jurisdiction in employment cases, ie where proceedings can be brought, or which courts and/or tribunals should decide the case, where the proceedings were instituted from 1 January 2021 onwards. For further information on jurisdiction in employment cases from 1 January 2021 onwards, see Practice Note: International jurisdiction—the Civil Jurisdiction and Judgments Act 1982 in employment cases. For a Flowchart: • for determining jurisdiction in employment disputes prior to 31 December 2020, see: Determining jurisdiction in employment disputes (to IP completion day)—flowchart • for determining the applicable law, ie which system of law is applicable to a contract of employment or employment relationship, see: Determining applicable law in employment disputes—flowchart • for determining the territorial application or scope of statutory employment rights, see: Determining what UK statutory rights an employee has—flowchart For a Checklist that provides an overview of the questions to be asked when determining applicable law,...
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Cross-border inheritance tax issues FORTHCOMING CHANGE: Abolition of non-dom regime and introduction of residence-based IHT regime. At Autumn Budget 2024 on 30 October 2024, the Labour government confirmed that it will proceed with plans of the former Conservative administration to abolish the remittance basis of taxation and replace it with a residence-based regime, to commence on 6 April 2025. The government also confirmed its intention to move to a residence-based regime for inheritance tax. The changes will also affect the rules determining excluded property status, the Abolition of protected settlements status of offshore trusts, and changes to overseas workday relief. For information on these changes, including draft legislation published with Autumn Budget 2024, see: Autumn Budget 2024—Private Client analysis — International, Autumn Budget 2024 (paras 2.56 and 5.51), OOTLAR (para 1.3) and TIIN: Reforming the taxation of non-UK domiciled individuals. This Practice Note covers UK inheritance tax (IHT) issues in cross-border situations and deals with: actual and deemed domicile; double tax treaties and ...
Denmark—cross border banking and finance guide Loan market and developments Please provide a brief overview of the current state of the loan markets in your jurisdiction and any significant recent market developments. The majority of all commercial loans continue to be provided as bank loans (committed and uncommitted) often on a secured basis. The security package may include security over, for example, shares, real property, bank accounts and sometimes also a floating charge covering all moveable property, receivables and intellectual property rights of the corporate borrower in question. Financing of both private and commercial real property is most often made by way of a mortgage credit loan made available by a mortgage credit institution against security over the relevant property. The Danish Capital Markets Act introduced the SME Growth Markets in Denmark, referring to small and medium sized companies (SMEs). In the preparatory remarks to the act it is stated that SMEs have had difficulties in obtaining finance after the financial crisis. By introducing...
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Produced in partnership with DLA Piper UK LLP [ These clauses are intended for insertion in a Facility Agreement relating to the operation of a business, which involves the occupation of use of properties. It accordingly assumes the definition of terms which would typically be included in such an agreement, such as ‘Agent’, ‘Business’, ‘Event of Default’, ‘Finance Party’, ‘Legal Due Diligence Report’, ‘Material Adverse Effect’, ‘Obligor’ and ‘Property’.] Brexit impact As of exit day (31 January 2020) the UK is no longer an EU Member State. However, in accordance with the Withdrawal Agreement, the UK has entered an implementation period, during which it continues to be subject to EU law. This has an impact on this content. For further guidance, see Practice Note: Brexit—impact on environmental law and News Analysis: Brexit Bulletin—key updates, research tips and...
Licence to carry out environmental investigations Parties 1 [insert name of licensor] [of [insert address] OR company number [insert company number] whose registered office is at [insert address]] (the Licensor) 2 [insert name of licensee] [of [insert address] OR company number [insert company number] whose registered office is at [insert address]] (the Licensee) 1 Background (A) The Licensor is the registered [freehold OR leasehold] owner of the Property. (B) The Licensee has expressed an interest in [acquiring OR leasing] the Property. (C) The Licensor will permit access to the Property by the Licensee and the Consultant for the purpose of carrying out investigations as to ground conditions at, in, on, under or about the Property, subject to the terms of this Licence. 2 Definitions Competent Authority • means any statutory undertaker or any public local or other authority or regulatory body or government department, or any other body exercising powers under statute or by royal charter or any court of law or any...
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Where a settlement agreement provides for the employer to make a contribution to the employee’s legal costs, payable direct to the employee’s law firm, can the law firm bring proceedings against the employer if it fails to pay? For information on: • the legal requirements that must be met for a settlement agreement to be binding and valid to settle statutory employment claims, see Practice Note: Settlement agreements in employment—legal requirements • the practical issues that typically arise in relation to a settlement agreement, see Practice Note: Settlement agreements in employment—practical and tax issues Contribution to legal costs A settlement agreement will typically provide for the employer to make a contribution to the employee’s legal costs. For general information on payment of legal fees incurred by an employee in relation to a settlement agreement generally, see the section of Practice Note: Settlement agreements in employment—practical and tax issues entitled ‘Payment for legal advice’. For a sample clause in the settlement agreement dealing with payment of legal fees, see Clause 13.2...
Who is responsible for an occupier's liability claim when the accident occurred in premises subject to a lease? The tenant company had ceased trading before the accident and a new tenant company had not entered into a new lease agreement with the landlord. This Q&A considers who may qualify as an occupier under the Occupiers’ Liability Act 1957 (OLA 1957). OLA 1957 contains no definition of an ‘occupier’. The issue of who is an occupier is dealt with under the common law. It is important to recognise that the key issue is of control over, rather than ownership of, the premises. An occupier is any legal entity with a sufficient degree of control over premises such that it can properly be considered to be an occupier (see Wheat v E Lacon). The key element is that the occupier has effective control. There is no requirement for the occupier to have a legal interest in the land. There can be multiple occupiers of premises at any given time. It has...
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Construction analysis: On 5 March 2024, the Joint Contracts Tribunal (JCT) published the 2024 editions of its Construction Management Contract and Management Building Contract, alongside 2024 editions of Framework Agreement, Dispute Adjudication Board Documentation, Adjudication Agreement, and Project Bank Account Documentation. In this analysis, we focus on the Management Building Contract, and look at how it differs from its 2016 equivalent.
This week's edition of Local Government weekly highlights includes expert analyses on the decisions in Working on Wellbeing Ltd trading as Optima Health v (1) Secretary State for Work and Pensions (2) Department for Work and Pension in which the Court of Appeal has ruled on the duty to clarify tender submissions with bidders in UK public procurement; R (Bano) v Waltham Forrest in which the Court of Appeal held that the LA’s housing duty under section 193(2) of the Housing Act 1996 ended on refusal of an offer of private accommodation; Khan v D’Aubigny clarifying answers to questions on service of documents, application of deemed service provisions and the importance of the common law presumption about service by post; R (BLZ) v Leeds CC clarifying that LA’s must disregard Home Office Bail Accommodation for Foreign National Offenders when assessing their duties under the Care Act 2014; and Paton and Paton v SoSLUHC, where the court addressed a planning appeal involving two parties who contested the refusal of planning permission...
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