Agreement Definition

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GLOSSARY

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What does Agreement mean?

Agreement is broadly defined under EU and UK competition law so as to include activities ranging from a legally enforceable contract between two or more parties to an informal albeit clear understanding, whether entered into in writing or verbally.

In practice neither Article 101(1) TFEU or the Competition Act 1998, s 2 require a clear delineation between the concept of agreement or that of a concerted practice with the result that while conceptually it should be possible to distinguish between the two, in practice it is unnecessary. Additionally, agreements do not imply equal involvement of all parties with the result that both 'ring-leaders' and participants with reservations are nonetheless parties to an agreement. The crucial issue is whether there is proof of 'the existence of the subjective element that characterizes the very concept of the agreement, that is to say a concurrence of wills between economic operators on the implementation of a policy, the pursuit of an objective, or the adoption of a given line of conduct on the market.' Bayer AG v. European Commission: Case T-41/96 [2000] ECR II-3383

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MVNO agreement—checklist

MVNO agreement—checklist This Checklist covers some of the main provisions to be included in a mobile virtual network operator (MVNO) agreement under which a mobile network operator supplier will provide wholesale access services to an MVNO for resale to its own retail customers. It covers some of the main provisions that are specific to an agreement of this kind. See also the Precedent: MVNO agreement. In this Checklist, the following definitions are used: • Agreement—means the MVNO agreement between the MVNO and the Supplier for the provision of the Services • End-User—means a customer of the MVNO • IPR—means intellectual property rights • MVNO—means mobile virtual network operator, the customer in the Agreement • Services—means the wholesale network services being provided to the MVNO by the Supplier • Supplier—means the mobile network operator providing network services to the MVNO The third column can be used to record observations or comments as the Checklist is worked through. Checklist Further information Notes (if any) General terms and conditions ☐ Consider duration....

Governing law and jurisdiction clauses in commercial contracts―checklist

Governing law and jurisdiction clauses in commercial contracts―checklist This Checklist of resources sets out some of the issues when considering governing law and jurisdiction in the context of commercial contracts. Governing law and jurisdiction clauses are categorised as boilerplate clauses in an agreement. For more information on boilerplate clauses, see: Boilerplate clauses—overview. For details about the role of boilerplate clauses and approaches to reviewing and drafting common boilerplate clauses, see Practice Note: The role of boilerplate. A governing law clause (also known as an applicable law clause) is used to allow the parties to specify the substantive law that will apply to the interpretation of an agreement and, in the event of a dispute, in relation to it. For an example of a governing law clause, see Precedent: Governing law clause. The applicable law clause in a contract will usually be set out alongside a jurisdiction clause. It is important to note that jurisdiction and governing law are separate issues. A jurisdiction clause is necessary to allow the parties to...

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Standard contractual clauses and binding corporate rules—EU methodology—flowchart

Standard contractual clauses and binding corporate rules—EU methodology—flowchart This Flowchart reflects the methodology set out by the European Data Protection Board (EDPB) for determining whether you can make an international transfer of personal data on the basis of standard contractual clauses (SCCs) or binding corporate rules (BCRs). You can only rely on these transfer mechanisms where the protections, enforceable rights and legal remedies provided to individuals in the recipient country are essentially equivalent to those guaranteed under the General Data Protection Regulation (GDPR). The ‘essentially equivalent’ test was laid down in the case of Facebook Ireland and Schrems (Schrems II), which was decided under the EU GDPR. The Information Commissioner’s Office (ICO) has published Guidance on transfer risk assessments, which adopts the term ‘sufficiently similar’ in relation to transfers under the UK GDPR and uses a different methodology. The ICO is happy for organisations exporting data from the UK to follow either methodology. This Flowchart reflects the EU methodology, as set out in: • EDPB Guidelines on...

Procurement process—flowchart—worked example

Procurement process—flowchart—worked example This Procurement process flowchart shows the order in which a procurement may take place, together with the elements to be considered to ensure that a transparent and suitable procurement process is followed. It also identifies Precedents available to assist you with the procurement process. This Flowchart is a worked example and is not intended to be definitive. Different organisations may well have very different processes, but it provides a good starting or reference point. The contract value figures have been included for illustrative purposes only. See also Precedent: Procurement policy—internal. Note 1 When deciding whether or not you can use a supplier who has previously supplied goods/services to another part of the organisation you should consider: • satisfaction with the supplier • uniformity or standardisation requirements • price efficiency/economies of scale • desirability of reducing reliance on one supplier Note 2 See Precedent: Confidentiality agreement—one-way—pro-discloser. Note 3 The contract value limits shown in this workflow are illustrative examples only. These limits will need to be adjusted...

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UK GDPR—adequacy regulations—tracker

UK GDPR—adequacy regulations—tracker This Practice Note tracks the status of adequacy regulations relating to transfers of personal data outside the UK or to international organisations under the United Kingdom General data Protection Regulation, Assimilated Regulation (EU) 2016/679 (the UK GDPR). For a comprehensive introduction to the UK GDPR, collating key practical guidance, see Practice Note: The UK General Data Protection Regulation (UK GDPR)—Summary of key legislation, and the Data protection toolkit. Background Article 44 of Chapter V of the UK GDPR prohibits the transfer of personal data to a third country outside of the UK, or an ‘international organisation’ (a restricted international transfer). However, a restricted international transfer of personal data may be permitted where the transfer is: • based on an adequacy regulation further to Article 45 of the UK GDPR and related provisions of the Data Protection Act 2018 (DPA 2018) • subject to appropriate safeguards further to Article 46 of the UK GDPR, or • in accordance with specific exceptions/derogations Article 45 of the...

Applying to naturalise as a British citizen: eligibility

Applying to naturalise as a British citizen: eligibility Naturalisation is the most common way for adults to acquire British citizenship. The naturalisation route to British citizenship enables adults who do not fulfil automatic registration criteria but who have lived in the UK for specified periods to apply to become a British citizen. A person who becomes a British citizen through naturalisation is considered a British citizen otherwise than by descent. The current legal framework governing the criteria under which an application for naturalisation can be made is set out in the British Nationality Act 1981 (BNA 1981). BNA 1981, s 6 and Sch 1 set out a series of requirements, some of which are compulsory and others of which are subject to an exercise of discretion on the part of the Secretary of State for the Home Department (SSHD) to disregard. The requirements for naturalisation are different for an applicant who is married to, or in a civil partnership with, a British citizen, or who is...

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Warranty limitations—pro-seller—share purchase agreement

Insert the following definitions as new definitions into clause 1 of Precedent: Share purchase agreement—pro-buyer—corporate seller—conditional—long form: 1 Definitions and interpretation Claim means a claim by the Buyer for any breach of the provisions of this Agreement (including a claim for breach of the Warranties); Data Room means the data room relating to the [Company OR Group] comprising all contracts, agreements, licences, documents and other information made available to the Buyer and its advisers, as listed in the Data Room index attached to the Disclosure Letter; The ScheduleLimitations on the Warranties ...

Property indemnity for a share purchase agreement

Property indemnity clause for insertion into a share purchase agreement Indemnity clause

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Where a settlement agreement provides for the employer to make a contribution to the employee’s legal costs, payable direct to the employee’s law firm, can the law firm bring proceedings against the employer if it fails to pay?

Where a settlement agreement provides for the employer to make a contribution to the employee’s legal costs, payable direct to the employee’s law firm, can the law firm bring proceedings against the employer if it fails to pay? For information on: • the legal requirements that must be met for a settlement agreement to be binding and valid to settle statutory employment claims, see Practice Note: Settlement agreements in employment—legal requirements • the practical issues that typically arise in relation to a settlement agreement, see Practice Note: Settlement agreements in employment—practical and tax issues Contribution to legal costs A settlement agreement will typically provide for the employer to make a contribution to the employee’s legal costs. For general information on payment of legal fees incurred by an employee in relation to a settlement agreement generally, see the section of Practice Note: Settlement agreements in employment—practical and tax issues entitled ‘Payment for legal advice’. For a sample clause in the settlement agreement dealing with payment of legal fees, see Clause 13.2...

In relation to promissory notes, is it possible to record the discharge of the note obligations in manuscript on the note itself? Does the release wording need to acknowledge the manner in which the note obligations were discharged? Would an agreement for the note obligations to be transferred to a specific party and discharged by way of set-off undermine their legal status as promissory notes?

In relation to promissory notes, is it possible to record the discharge of the note obligations in manuscript on the note itself? Does the release wording need to acknowledge the manner in which the note obligations were discharged? Would an agreement for the note obligations to be transferred to a specific party and discharged by way of set-off undermine their legal status as promissory notes? We refer you to the following which you may find useful for your purposes. • Bills of Exchange and Promissory Notes (2000) 5 JIBFL 168 As the above article discusses, many instruments which are called a promissory note fail to meet the statutory criteria for being a promissory note eg because there is a floating rate of interest or other payment obligation which makes the amount to be paid by the obligor not a sum certain. See section 83 of the Bills of Exchange Act 1882 (BEA 1882). If any provision of the instrument takes the instrument outside of the definition...

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Ofgem publishes agreement on working arrangements with ACER and UREGNI

Ofgem has published an agreement, outlining its new working arrangements with the EU Agency for the Cooperation of Energy Regulators (ACER), as well as Northern Ireland's Utility Regulator (UREGNI). This agreement is required by the Trade and Cooperation Agreement as part of the UK’s post-Brexit relationship with the EU.

Corporate Crime weekly highlights—13 March 2025

This week's edition of Corporate Crime weekly highlights includes analysis of a judgment determining how contract rules apply to DPAs, of an EU court ruling that EU sanctions imposed against a Russian billionaire should remain in place, and of the steps that foreign companies should be taking to prepare for the imminent corporate criminal offence of failure to prevent fraud. Also included is news of the commencement of new protection from unfair trading rules under the DMCCA 2024, of the government’s plans for a new reward scheme to encourage informants to come forward to HMRC about tax fraud, and of sentences for individuals after the CPS secures convictions in a £266m money laundering case. All this, and more, in this week’s Corporate Crime highlights.

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